Paleo-europeisk språklig substratum i moderne Samisk
Paleo-europeisk språklig substratum i moderne Samisk
Dette er sitater fra forskningsrapporter fra 2004 fram til 2006 om det paleo-europeiske substratet i samisk språk. Selv om den uralske arven i samisk har kommet utenifra dagens samiske språkområdet så har den språklige påvirkningen fra det gamle jeger- og fangstfolket vært massiv.
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"An essay on substrate studies and the origin of the Saami" (Aikio 2004)
"Even though the Saami language is intrusive in its present territory, the background of the Saami people is somewhat different. Studies in population genetics have confirmed the old hypothesis of the 'racially' distinct character of the Saami; to put this in modern terminology, the Saami people form a genetic outlier in the European context. Significantly, this outlier status also holds in comparison to the geographically adjacent and linguistically related Finnic peoples. Thus even though the Saami are linguistically Uralic, they have inherited a significant genetic component from the non-Uralic first settlers of Lapland.
The only way to reconcile the linguistic and genetic facts is to assume that language shifts have taken place. The linguistic lineage lending to Proto-Saami must have split off from Proto-Uralic somehwere outside Lapland. At some later stage this language began to spread northward and was ultimately adoped by the subarctic hunter-gatherers in the Fennoscandian north, pushing their original languages to extinction. While these languages did not survive the course of prehistory, they have probably left a trace of themselves behind: general contact linguistic principles predict that Saami must have adopted a substrate component during its expansion."
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"It can be concluded that the Saami lexicon shows consistent signs of heavy substrate influence."
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"An inspection of the existing collection of North Saami toponyms reveals an abundance of names of unknown origin."
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"The language shift from unknown 'Paleo-Laplandic" languages to Saami was probably completed between approximately 0-500 A.D."
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"Proto-Saami disintegrated slightly earlier than Proto-Scandinavian"
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"Proto-Saami appears to have reached central Scandinavia already in the Proto-Scandinavian phase"
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"Prior to the expansion of Saami the linguistic map of Fennoscandia has probably been a mosaic of languages much like the regions later inhabitet by hunter gatherers, sych as Nirth America".
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"On Germanic-Saami contacts and Saami prehistory" (Aikio 2006)
" [...] the Palaeo-European substrate lexicon in the Saami languages contains hundreds of lexical items, and the sheer extent of this stratum suggests that also the cultural impact of these lost ethnic groups has been massive. For instance, there is many times more substrate vocabulary in Saami connected with hunting and fishing than there are inherited Uralic words in the same semantic field. Thus, one in fact expects to find evidence of cultural continuity in Lapland regardless of the absence of linguistic and ethnic continuity."
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"Substrate Uralica" (Saaririki 2006)
"The Palaeo-European substrate features of Sámi have been treated in a very convincing way by Aikio (2004) and the existence of a Palaeo-European substrate in Sámi cannot, in all probability, be doubted any longer. A Palaeo-European substrate interference in Finnic also seems likely, although this substrate is older and not so obvious as in Sámi (cf. Kallio forthcoming). This is probably due to the fact that the Finnic languages spread mainly to those areas already occupied by Indo-European and Sámi people."
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"An essay on substrate studies and the origin of the Saami" (Aikio 2004)
"Even though the Saami language is intrusive in its present territory, the background of the Saami people is somewhat different. Studies in population genetics have confirmed the old hypothesis of the 'racially' distinct character of the Saami; to put this in modern terminology, the Saami people form a genetic outlier in the European context. Significantly, this outlier status also holds in comparison to the geographically adjacent and linguistically related Finnic peoples. Thus even though the Saami are linguistically Uralic, they have inherited a significant genetic component from the non-Uralic first settlers of Lapland.
The only way to reconcile the linguistic and genetic facts is to assume that language shifts have taken place. The linguistic lineage lending to Proto-Saami must have split off from Proto-Uralic somehwere outside Lapland. At some later stage this language began to spread northward and was ultimately adoped by the subarctic hunter-gatherers in the Fennoscandian north, pushing their original languages to extinction. While these languages did not survive the course of prehistory, they have probably left a trace of themselves behind: general contact linguistic principles predict that Saami must have adopted a substrate component during its expansion."
....
"It can be concluded that the Saami lexicon shows consistent signs of heavy substrate influence."
...
"An inspection of the existing collection of North Saami toponyms reveals an abundance of names of unknown origin."
...
"The language shift from unknown 'Paleo-Laplandic" languages to Saami was probably completed between approximately 0-500 A.D."
...
"Proto-Saami disintegrated slightly earlier than Proto-Scandinavian"
...
"Proto-Saami appears to have reached central Scandinavia already in the Proto-Scandinavian phase"
...
"Prior to the expansion of Saami the linguistic map of Fennoscandia has probably been a mosaic of languages much like the regions later inhabitet by hunter gatherers, sych as Nirth America".
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"On Germanic-Saami contacts and Saami prehistory" (Aikio 2006)
" [...] the Palaeo-European substrate lexicon in the Saami languages contains hundreds of lexical items, and the sheer extent of this stratum suggests that also the cultural impact of these lost ethnic groups has been massive. For instance, there is many times more substrate vocabulary in Saami connected with hunting and fishing than there are inherited Uralic words in the same semantic field. Thus, one in fact expects to find evidence of cultural continuity in Lapland regardless of the absence of linguistic and ethnic continuity."
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"Substrate Uralica" (Saaririki 2006)
"The Palaeo-European substrate features of Sámi have been treated in a very convincing way by Aikio (2004) and the existence of a Palaeo-European substrate in Sámi cannot, in all probability, be doubted any longer. A Palaeo-European substrate interference in Finnic also seems likely, although this substrate is older and not so obvious as in Sámi (cf. Kallio forthcoming). This is probably due to the fact that the Finnic languages spread mainly to those areas already occupied by Indo-European and Sámi people."
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Jurgen Wullenwever
- Medlem
- Inlägg: 1216
- Blev medlem: 12 november 2006, 00:46
- Ort: Närke
Fanns det någon anledning till detta språkbyte av teknisk eller kulturell art, eller var det en följd av en stor invandring, eller blott en följd av stor kontakt och samexistens? Språkbyten i mer avancerade samhällen är lätta att föreställa sig, och vi har många exempel i modern tid, men i ett glest samhälle som detta, vad kan tänkas ha skett? Finns några motsvarande fall att jämföra med?
- Markus Holst
- C Skalman
- Inlägg: 17344
- Blev medlem: 4 september 2006, 15:28
- Ort: Västergötland
- Kontakt:
Det er ikke på noen måte klart hvordan denne prosessen har foregått ifølge forfatterene, men i Hansen og Olsen 2004 beskrives en mulig motivasjon for å adoptere samisk blant jeger- og fangstbefolkningen en økt bevissthet mellom de jordbrukerne og oss jegerne som følge av økt kontant med jordbruksbefolkninger resulterer i et etnisk konsolidering hvor de velger og adoptere samisk identitet som en felles jeger- og fangstidentitet, denne konsolideringen kan også være som resultat av at samene spesialiserer seg som jeger- og fangstfolk og lokal produksjon av blant annet keramikk opphører i de samiske områdene.Jurgen Wullenwever skrev:Fanns det någon anledning till detta språkbyte av teknisk eller kulturell art, eller var det en följd av en stor invandring, eller blott en följd av stor kontakt och samexistens? Språkbyten i mer avancerade samhällen är lätta att föreställa sig, och vi har många exempel i modern tid, men i ett glest samhälle som detta, vad kan tänkas ha skett? Finns några motsvarande fall att jämföra med?
Ja, i Aikio 2004 er endel av substratleksikonet presentert sammen med topografiske navn av ukjent opprinnelse, men er ifølge forfatteren langt fra fullt dekkende på alt substratet som eksisterer. På enkelte topografiske navn av ukjent opprinnelse er semantikken av ordene funnet fordi de opptrer på flere steder som beskriver samme type landskap.Markus Holst skrev:Mycket interssant. Framgår det av artikeln vilka dessa substraten är?
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Jurgen Wullenwever
- Medlem
- Inlägg: 1216
- Blev medlem: 12 november 2006, 00:46
- Ort: Närke
Ifølge Aikio 2004 så er noen ord pan-samiske, mens andre kun opptrer i en eller flere av de forskjellige samiske språkene og dialektene.Jurgen Wullenwever skrev:De här ickeuraliska orden, är de ungefär desamma för alla samiska varieteter, så att de kan sägas definiera det samiska språket gentemot övriga uraliska språk, eller skiljer de sig märkbart åt i sapmis olika delar?
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Jurgen Wullenwever
- Medlem
- Inlägg: 1216
- Blev medlem: 12 november 2006, 00:46
- Ort: Närke
Mange takk for lenkene, men de verker ikke fungere for meg. Hva er feil? (Eg kunde ikke motstå frestilsen å forsöke skrive norsk - men svenskan lyser förstås igenom ändå!Lappoid skrev:Viser til diskusjonen på Språkhistorie, her er de aktuelle artikklene:
http://us.share.geocities.com/lappmark/Aikio2004.pdf
http://us.share.geocities.com/lappmark/Aikio2006.pdf
Mvh
"Lappoid"
Denna länk funkar bättre:
http://www.geocities.com/lappmark/Aikio2004.pdf
Byt alltså ut 'us.share' 'mot 'www'.
http://www.geocities.com/lappmark/Aikio2004.pdf
Byt alltså ut 'us.share' 'mot 'www'.
Re: Paleo-europeisk språklig substratum i moderne Samisk
Det paleo-europeiske substratet i samisk for støtte av flere og flere finsk-ugriske språkforskere:
"Lapp, or Sámi (Sámi proper); its formation was primarily determined bythe strong influence exerted by the non-Uralic Palaeoeuropean substratumlanguage(s) of Northern Fennoscandia (the so-called Protolappish, see Helim-ski 2000: 202–217)."
Kilde: Prof Eugene Helimski (Hamburg Universitet): The “Northwestern” Group of Finno-Ugric Languages and itsHeritage in the Place Names and Substratum Vocabulary of the Russian North.
"Lapp, or Sámi (Sámi proper); its formation was primarily determined bythe strong influence exerted by the non-Uralic Palaeoeuropean substratumlanguage(s) of Northern Fennoscandia (the so-called Protolappish, see Helim-ski 2000: 202–217)."
Kilde: Prof Eugene Helimski (Hamburg Universitet): The “Northwestern” Group of Finno-Ugric Languages and itsHeritage in the Place Names and Substratum Vocabulary of the Russian North.